Dehairing in leather industry. Dehairing was increased with increase.

Dehairing in leather industry Their major use is in detergent industry too where they are used for breaking proteinaceous matter caused by body secretions, food stuffs and blood stains. This industry has developed enormously over the past decades; since, leather has become a material of choice in the world of fashion. Leather industry is an economically fast-growing sector but is also a known major contributor to environmental pollution. 29–71; Hood, 1987) as follows: The skin is impregnated with sodium hydrosulphide for 2 There are still significant limitations in exploiting these alkaline proteases for industrial used, which include high cost for manufacturing, instability over wide range of pH and temperature, low tolerance to chemical reagents in leather processing, poor performance on dehairing, and significant damage to collagen 31, 34, 36. The conventional methods in leather processing involve the use of sulfide, lime and other Though numerous proteases have been isolated and screened for the dehairing purpose, their use in the leather industry is limited mainly due to high cost, the need for expertise, and control during unit operation and alterations in the quality of leather due to lack of the right kind of substrate specificity of the enzymes used. The industry has a significant interest in The leather processing is broadly divided into three stages: preparatory stages, tanning and crusting [3]. Among these processes, The leather industry, considered as one of the industries with a significant environmental impact, applies several chemicals, some of them considered as hazardous chemicals, such as chromium, in Although the leather processing industry is vital in terms of employment creation, revenue generation, consumption of by-products from the meat industry, and the production of the valuable Enzymes play an important role in various stages of the leather industry. Conversion of raw hide into Alkaline proteases have a myriad of potential applications in many industrial processes such as detergent, food and feed production, waste management and the leather industry. As more than 90 The leather industry is the fastest-growing sector globally and is present in footwear, clothing and automotive leather. Conventional dehairing is based on application of huge amount of chemicals such as lime and sodium sulfide that generate lot of pollution problem. Enzymatic dehairing are implemented to reduce Bio-chemical-Oxygen-Demand (BOD) at the level of 40 The oxidative dehairing of hides/ skins have been carried out by dipping the skins in liquor containing mixture of sodium percarbonate & sodium hydroxide. Up to 130 chemicals of different kinds are used in leather tanning to change raw skin and hide into complete leather products. The specificity based screening of proteases would be an important criterion as it would help in removing hairs printed in india 175 Potential of Alkaline Protease Isolated from Thermoactinomyces sp. Although leather industries and tanneries involve highly polluting processes, they offer diverse amenities for manufacturing capacity as well as export potential, 1 which require several steps including dehairing, deliming, bating, degreasing, and finally pickling in a cascade manner for converting raw hide into long-lasting finished materials which are The dehairing is one of the essential steps in the leather-making operation where the hair is removed using lime and sodium sulphide by the conventional method. Jayapriya and Rathinam Aravindhan and Adikesavan Selvi}, journal={Journal of Cleaner Dehairing is one of the important operations in leather processing where hair is removed by using suitable chemicals. , 2011). The DSC peaks indicated that the curve at The established mechanism provides a theoretical basis for developing an efficient enzymatic unhairing technology for leather-making, and this can also be applied to other processes involving the enzyme permeation into the hide or leather. This is an abridged version and the leather, since both alkali and sulphide damage the wool. To minimise the pollutants and harmful substances during leather processing, an enzymatic rehydration–dehairing–fibre-opening process has been achieved in shortest possible time The leather industry holds a significant place in the global economy, yet the scarcity of raw hides and skins, growing ethical concern, competitive leather substitutes and regulation of manufacturing processes with adverse environmental effects restrict the expansion of the leather industry. When one or more members of the World Bank Group dehairing, and liming) and from Proteolytic enzymes isolated from bacteria such as Bacillus sp. The precipitated biomass was sepa-rated and dried; after that protein was estimated by Lowry’s method sodium sulfide used in the dehairing process. However, the adoption to lime and Dehairing is usually performed using a dehairing machine. Indian Patent Application No. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of agricultural and industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Alkaline proteases have a myriad of potential applications in many industrial processes such as detergent, food and feed production, waste management and the leather industry. In recent decades, the demand for plant-based enzymes has In leather industry, enzymatic dehairing has been receiving serious attention as a greener alternative for the conventional chemical based dehairing process (Sivasubramanian et al. (2018) explore the feasibility of utilizing enzymes derived from fish wastes as a low Although leather industries and tanneries involve highly polluting processes, they offer diverse amenities for manufacturing capacity as well as export potential, 1 which require several steps including dehairing, deliming, bating, degreasing, and finally pickling in a cascade manner for converting raw hide into long-lasting finished materials which are suitable for a The steps involved in the conventional leather manufacturing processes use various chemicals and dehairing generates more than half of the sum total of all the pollution in the leather industry The leather industry could have been considered as an initiative for zero-waste technology, which clears out waste from meat processing, wool rearing, and dairy industries by converting the raw skin or hides of the dead animals into fine leather products. 1. Depilation/unhairing is the crucial but heavy pollution process in leather industry. To determine the cost effectiveness and viability for leather industries, the techno-economic viability study has been carried out. Leather-making operation involves conversion of raw skin and hide, a highly spoilable material from meat industry, into leather, a stable material through series of mechanical and chemical operations. Unhairing of goat skins could be obtained at pH 9–11 and temperatures 30–37°C with enzyme concentration of 1% w/v and sodium sulfide used in the dehairing process. 8, 79. Conventional leather processing poses serious threat to the environment due to its numerous chemical treatments which include hazardous chemicals such as sodium sulphide and lime. Louis, Mo）. Therefore, keratinolytic protease-based dehairing can be a potential alternative to the toxic chemicals used in conventional leather dehairing to protect human health and wildlife by reducing water, soil, and overall environmental pollution [16,17]. The proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus Sp. . 3 Previous report estimated that nearly 850 kg out of 1000 solid wastes is The objective of this work was to isolate a microorganism producing alkaline protease that can be used as an ecofriendly alternative to chemicals in dehairing process of leather manufacture. However, this industry, like many others, is facing stringent environmental regulations A novel keratinase from Bacillus subtilis that has the potential to replace sodium sulfide in the dehairing process of leather industry is reported here. The resultant dehaired pelt can be an alternative means of chemical dehairing for mini-mizing the toxic effects of chemicals in dehairing process of leather industries. Each step needs chemicals (more than 100 chemicals) in order to convert unprocessed leather industry. Stability of enzyme in wide range alkaline proteases have been reported for dehairing in leather industry. These steps utilize various chemicals such as dehairing The leather industry is one of the most important manufacturing sectors that convert raw materials from meat industry into desirable leather goods. In the leather industry, dehairing is carried out by chemicals, which pollute the environment. Cane and beet molasses were obtained from Hawamdiah and Kafr-El-Sheikh sugar factories, respectively, Egyptol was obtained Importance of bacteria in leather industry is denoted below : •Dehairing of skins and hides is done by the use of the bacteria. The increase use of poultry worldwide has resulted in millions of tons of feather waste. Traditional inorganic sulfide treatment was the most widely used depilation technique in the past decades, which was usually detrimental to leather quality and resulted in The leather industry needs to switch from the traditional chemically based dehairing process to an environmentally friendly one so that the overall burdens to the environment are reduced. subtilis ES5 keratinase-encoding gene can be used as a potential gene source in industrial applications such as keratin waste degradation and leather dehairing. Industrial trials of the beam house operations of leather industry were carried out at the tannery Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, India using 100 kg skin/hide. INTRODUCTION The leather industry is an important segment of the industry because of the relevance of keratinase in green production processes in various industries. , 2016). 1 Leather Industry. The main objective of this study was to produce and characterize Additionally, the dehairing efficiency declines because the keratin in the hair resists the common proteases [15]. Hence, the keratinases are more promising to create a green dehairing process in place of traditional dehairing process in leather industry. (hydrogen sulfide during dehairing and ammonia during deliming, A review of the total pollution load decrease achievable according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization [8] Enzyme based dehairing of animal skins in leather processing is considered a greener alternative to conventional chemical based dehairing process. JCLEPRO. Porto Journal of Engineering, 7:4 (2021) 1-15 5 in the presence of high saline wastewaters (Kargi and Dincer 1996). g. In the conventional dehairing process, lime (Ca(OH) 2)and sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) are employed to remove the hair present in the skin, loosen the epidermis and to remove inter-fibrillary materials present within the skin matrix Next day (after about 18 h), dehairing was performed with blunt knife on wooden beam in similar manner used in leather industry. In addition to that better physiochemical properties of dyed crust and lesser pollution load in dehairing process In particular, chemical dehairing process of leather industries produces fair amount of toxic wastes. complete dehairing in leather making. Dehairing was increased with increase. Enzymes are of immense use in the leather industry, the enzymes mainly used in soaking, dehairing, bating and degreasing stages of leather processing were described. This review aims to carry out an advanced bibliometric analysis of studies and DOI: 10. The leather industry is the fastest-growing sector globally and is present in footwear, clothing and automotive leather. Developing countries now produce over 60% of the world's leather needs. Work on alternatives to sulfide dehairing through the use of oxidative agents was presented at the XXIX congress of the IULTCS/103rd annual meeting of ALCA in Washington DC earlier this year. Enzymatic dehairing, if adopted by the leather industry, would require proteases in large amounts (Choudhary et al. appropriateness in laundry detergents and leather industry as dehairing agent. 2015. In Leather industry, like paper and textile industries, consumes large quantities of water. The primary goal of the work was thus to compare the chemical leather dehairing process to an enzymatically based one using the enzymes that are extracted Keratinase is a potential industrial enzyme for handling keratinaceous solid wastes and also a cleaner dehairing alternative to chemical methods in tanneries. are applied in the dehairing of hides in leather industry 98 The objective of this work was to purify and characterize alkaline protease from Vibrio metschnikovii NG 155 and to study its applicability as a dehairing agent at pilot scale in leather industry. They have a potential application in the selective dehairing of hides in the leather industry without affecting the tensile strength of leather (Thanikaivelan et al. The specificity based screening of proteases would be an important criterion as it would help in removing hairs by acting particularly on the proteoglycans holding the hair to the bulb without Additionally, these keratinolytic enzymes have a variety of current and potential applications in a wide range of biotechnological processes that involve keratin hydrolysis, including the enzymatic dehairing and catalysis for leather and cosmetic industries, the breaking down of recalcitrant matter for the laundry and detergent industries, the Leather Industry Enzymes. The identified c Proteases minimize the use of reducing agents, acids and alkalis in leather processing. Dehairing was increased with increase in enzyme concentration, and complete dehairing (100 %) was observed with 2. 0, 88. The Protease enzyme produced at laboratory condition has been is efficient for dehairing by a spray method could be a potential technology for application by local tanners to improve the leather industry in Tanzania. Keratinase (EC 3. Five methods of dehairing include: 1) clipping process 2) scalding process 3) chemical process 4) sweating process 5) enzymatic process Leather created using enzymes has also shown more favorable properties such as In the leather industry, dehairing is carried out by chemicals, which pollute the environment. (23. in enzyme concentration, and complete dehairing (100 %) was observed with 2. Especially surfactant-stable keratinases are beneficial for the detergent industry. Our results suggest that AprA-PPC may have great potentials for ecofriendly dehairing of animal skins in the leather industry. Relative molecular weight of the purified protease was found to be 45 kDa with optimum temperature and pH of 65 °C and 10 respectively. Proteases can be used to replace certain chemicals thus offers a green approach. ) contribute more than 60% of the total pollution from leather processing. Recently, the authors have developed an enzyme-based dehairing assisted with a very low amount of The policy of sustainable development, the need to save natural environmental resources, and the use of waste as raw materials in new production processes allow the use of enzymes in many industries. Therefore, to make the hair removal process environmentally friendly, a protease produced by For making leather products the following process is involved like soaking, dehairing, bating, and tanning [80]. and Streptomyces sp. Engineer specialized in Leather Technology with a strong DESIRE to revolutionize the Global Leather Industry, gaining valuable experience across India, Italy, Spain, & Portugal. The protease was highly effective in dehairing of The objective of this work was to purify and characterize alkaline protease from Vibrio metschnikovii NG 155 and to study its applicability as a dehairing agent at pilot scale in leather industry. 202111045115. The Tannery Industry. Saranya and Ramakrishna Prasanna and J. Therefore, the production of keratinase by Bacillus The leather industry uses a chemical dehairing process that produces alkaline wastewater and hair as solid waste. Enzymes have been widely used as alternatives to conventional chemicals in cleaner leather processes due to their Chemical dehairing process requires more than 75 chemicals including lime (CaO) and sulfide (Na2S/NaSH) to turn raw leathers into semi-fabricated leather,2 which gives around 90% of total pollution in leather industries and also produces noxious gases and solid wastes. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of alkaline protease on dehairing animal hides and skins under different The leather industry converts hide (putrescible) into commercial leather (non-putrescible) using large amounts of chemicals, generating an environmental impact. Discover the world's research 25 In leather industries and tanneries, large amount of wastes has been disposed; which polluting water, soil, and atmosphere and causing serious human health problems. The established mechanism provides a theoretical basis for developing an efficient enzymatic unhairing technology for leather-making, and this can also be applied to other processes involving the enzyme permeation into the hide or leather. As more than 90 Detergent-compatible proteases have been widely used to remove stains efficiently and are key players in the cleaning and dehairing processes in the leather industry [9,10,11]. This review entails importance of proteases in Enzyme based dehairing of animal skins in leather processing is considered a greener alternative to conventional chemical based dehairing process. Alkaline proteases have found a wide application in several industrial processes, such as laundry detergents, protein recovery or solubilization, prion degradation, meat tenderizations, in bating of hides and skins in leather industries. The conventional dehairing method involves the use of high proportions of lime and sulfide, which contributes to 80– 90% of the total pollution load in the leather industry and generates noxious gases as well as solid wastes, e. Here in this article we have summarized the potential role of thermostable proteases in leather industry and more specifically in dehairing of raw hide. Protease synthesis is influenced by sources, pH, temperature, ions, and solvents. Complete dehairing and degreasing were observed under the tannery conditions using these protease and lipase. Among the microbial enzymes protease and amylase are the most valuable enzymes which have been has diversified applications and used extensively because of their capabilities in the degradation of organic wastes, application in biofuels, agricultural, pharmaceuticals Industrial Examples. It is due to the fact that the process is inexpensive and microbes, especially Overview of the Leather Industry and Pollution Impact Vânia F. The use of enzymes for leather processing has become a very efficient tool in achieving these goals. In the present investigation, dehairing of goat skins has been attempted using zinc oxide and protease at the level of 0. The dehaired leather produced good quality of leather with pollution reduction of BOD (50%), COD (40%), TDS (60%) and TSS (20%). Enzymatic dehairing, as a crucial part of cleaner leather processing, has reached processive advancement with potentially replacing the traditional hair removal due to increasing pressure from This isolate Thermoactinomyces sp. such as pre-tanning, tanning, post tanning and finishing. Silva U. It has good economic and During dehairing process, the extreme alkalinity and high concentration of detergent are needed [15], which against a great amount of enzymes apart from a few keratinases. 3. The solid wastes include skin trimmings, keratin wastes, fleshing wastes, chrome shavings, and buffing dust. In addition to that the leather produced by this Introduction. The use of biological catalysts in industrial processing has received a great deal of attention in recent years, mainly for environmental reasons. Due to these issues, many leather industries are now focusing on non-toxic and sustainable alternatives for dehairing processes and one of these is the microbial keratinolytic enzymes. proteases with mild collagenolytic and elastolytic activities might be particularly suitable for enhancing the dehairing process without harming the tensile strength of leather Recent research focuses on biotechnological applications in leather industry which is responsible for contribution to environmental pollution and health hazards. CURRENT METHODS 3. Leather industry is a very old manufacturing sector producing a broad range of goods such as leather footwear, leather bags, leather garments, and so on. 2 Materials and Methods 2. The leather industry is contributing 40% of TDS and 55% of chlorides (Cl) in the effluents generated from curing operation yielded complete dehairing with 18 h. The lime and sulfide utilized during dehairing process contribute 84% of biochemical Proteases belong to a group of proteolytic enzymes. 103 Corpus ID: 155674891; Value addition of fish waste in the leather industry for dehairing @article{Saranya2016ValueAO, title={Value addition of fish waste in the leather industry for dehairing}, author={R. The resultant dehaired pelt showed white appearance due to removal The ever-increasing attention to the environmental impact of leather industry has necessitated the development of enzyme-based processes as potent alternatives to pollution causing chemicals. A systematic study made at CLRI to reduce the Beam house processes (Beam house processes generally mean liming−reliming processes, which employ beam. The protease was produced The leather manufacturing process are the operations taken to create leather from hides.  1. Hair-save lime-sulphide unhairing dates from the 1880´s. sodium sulfide used in the dehairing process. After brief A waterless bioprocessing for dehairing and fibre opening in leather manufacture ; An improved process for making retanned leather with dyeing effect ; The composition has application in the leather industry for eco-benign leather processing by replacing toxic chemicals in the pre-tanning process. As the modern world In this work, Bb, Bh, and Pm have been studied for application in the leather industry, focusing in their dehairing properties. In this project we various industrial processes which have been limited due to stability complication of conventional protease. A novel serine alkaline protease (AprA) gene from alkaliphilic Idiomarina sp. • Bacillus subtilis , Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae are either used alone or in mixtures. A novel serine alkaline Alkaline proteases have a myriad of potential applications in many industrial processes such as detergent, food and feed production, waste management and the leather industry. , 2016, Kim et al. Key words: Alkaline protease, enzymatic dehairing, hides and skins, leather industry, fungal biotechnology. hydrogen sulfide and lime (Thanikaivelan et al. Lime and sulfide constitute the main pollution generated during dehairing process in the leather industry. Key mechanism of enzymatic dehairing technology for leather-making: permeation behaviors of protease into animal hide and the mechanism of charge regulation March 2023 Collagen and Leather 5(1) Toxic Waste From Leather Industries. 5% in leather industry have led tanners to try to reduce the ele-ments of The dehairing operation is considered to be one of the environment constrained process in the leather industry. Alkaline protease also involved in the subsequent removal of animal hide and skin processes. Presently, about 30 billion litres of water is being used by this industry annually. Enzyme assisted dehairing is the eco-friendly option that reduces nearly 40% of BOD and Enzyme-based leather dehairing has become widely recognized as a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical processes. Similarly, sustainable tanning process was carried out using co-polymers Most of the raw materials for the leather industry are based on by-products of the meat and dairy industries. The steps involved in the conventional leather manufacturing processes use various chemicals and dehairing generates more than half of the sum total of all the pollution in the leather industry (Hassan et al. Hair wastes are mainly dumped or managed through composting but recent studies propose the The B. However, tanning of hides and skins is constrained by primitive technology and the use of hazardous chemicals that contribute to environmental pollution. The stability of the enzyme for dehairing was optimized at different environmental parameters. Abstract The traditional leather industry releases different chemical wastes into the environment, which calls for the use of alternative, nonpolluting processes. isolated from fresh goat skins were cultured by nutrient agar medium and the cultures were examined for various biochemical tests for the suitability of using for further operation. Phylogenetic analysis of AprA and other highly homologous proteases In leather industries chemicals are employed in dehairing, bating, soaking and degreasing to remove proteins associated with the collagen. 4. The leather industry is one among the most vital sectors for economic development contributing to high earnings. Leather processing involves many unit operations which generates huge amount of pollutants. 5 % protease after 18 h (Table 3). Enzymatic tanning uses Enzymatic dehairing, if adopted by the leather industry, would require proteases in large amounts (Choudhary et al. Mukesh Doble, Anil Kumar Kruthiventi, in Green Chemistry and Engineering, 2007. The results showed that isolated bacterial strain could be employed for strain improvement towards commercial production of protease with a promise for dehairing in leather processing industries. Therefore, to make the hair removal process environmentally friendly, a protease produced by Enzymatic dehairing as a part of the efforts for greener leather processing has reached progressive advancement with the tradition-bound tanning industry being now more receptive to cleaner processing methods due to increasing pressure from environmental groups. The optimum temperature for keratinolytic protease Studies have shown that soybean enzymes can effectively reduce COD in effluent by up to 70% compared with traditional methods. The huge amount of industrial Due to a growing interest in environmentally safer processes, the leather industry has started using the concept of cleaner production to minimize its impact and reduce the loss of chemicals, water and raw materials. In particular, chemical dehairing process of leather industries produces fair amount of toxic wastes. And dehairing was achieved at 2% enzyme for duration of 16 h. Therefore, to make the hair removal process environmentally friendly, In the leather processing industry Proteases, Lipases and Amylases have an important role in the soaking, dehairing, degreasing and bating operations of leather manufacturing (Dayanandan et al Proteolytic enzyme isolated from Aspergillus tamarii prepared by solid state fermentation was studied for dehairing of goat skins in the tannery. M. The use of lime and sodium sulfide is of environmental concern (1, 2). The pollution loads such as BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS were reduced at the level of 62. The authors are William N Marmer and Robert L Dudley of the Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service. 017 Corpus ID: 111308369; Enzyme mediated beam house operations of leather industry: a needed step towards greener technology @article{Saran2013EnzymeMB, title={Enzyme mediated beam house operations of leather industry: a needed step towards greener technology}, author={Saurabh Saran and Richi V. At present, enzymes are being used with relative success in soaking, dehairing, bating and degreasing (Thanikaivelan et al, 2004, Trend in Biotechnology 22,181 -187). The two major pollutants of leather industries are lime and sodium sulphide that are used for efficient dehairing of skin (Briki et al. N. The global annual trade of leather industry is surpassing US$ 80 billion and is expected to expand further due to upsurge in population as well as urbanization . A cleaner process is proposed in this work to reduce these environmental impacts. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and Dehairing is one of the important operations in leather processing where hair is removed by using suitable chemicals. In this study, we isolated several alkaline protease producing bacteria from soda lake soil samples. During dehairing, proteases break down keratin in hair roots. 2, and 82. Khan et al. Dehairing and baiting process in leather processing: Pharmaceuticals: Molecular biology: Washing Bacterial culture supernatant was used to carry out dehairing of leather (2ʹʹ×2ʹʹ), which was achieved in 24 h. These issues may be partly solved by nanotechnology to add The leather industry earns special attention because of its strong potential for foreign exchange earnings and employment generation prospects. ese alkaline proteases are mostly from Bacillus 4,30, 33, 34 , Paenibacillus 35 , along with Vibrio 31 , Pseudomonas 36, 37 Many of thermostable proteases have been isolated, purified and implemented in various industrial processes which have been limited due to stability complication of conventional protease. 5 % protease after 1 8 h (Table 3). C9-1 This protease was efficient in enzymatic dehairing cattle hide and skins of pig, goat and rabbit in 8–12 h without causing remarkable damage to hairs and grain surface. The global leather industry produced about 18 billion ft 2 leather in 2003, with an estimated value of about US$40 billion (World Leather Magazine). , 2001). This innovative approach presents a more Tanneries are one of the most polluted industries known for production of massive amount of solid and liquid wastes without proper management and disposal. The leather industry deals with proteinous skin material for the conversion of leather and this generates huge amount of solid and liquid wastes giving rise to pollution that needs to be overcome by introducing sustainable cleaner technologies. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. The largest application of protease is in laundry detergents and leather industry, where they remove protein based stains from clothes and dehairing purpose, respectively. Conventional methods apply large amounts of lime and sodium sulfide and thus are not eco-friendly as these materials contribute to a significant amount of environmental TANNING AND LEATHER FINISHIN G APRIL 30, 2007 1 WORLD BANK GROUP The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry - specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) 1. Preparatory stage involves cascade of several steps including preservation, soaking, liming, dehairing, reliming, deliming, bating, degreasing and depickling [4]. In the present study, completely enzyme based beam house operations (dehairing The enzymatic treatment of hides in tannery processes is a promising technology. As more than 90 the leather industry has considered itself committed to a liming step, and its choice between the more time consuming (e. The cost of chemicals employed for conventional dehairing process (only lime and sulphide) is approximately US$ Leather Industry Enzymes. Sivaram, Debabrata Barik, in Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation, 2019 5. Such excessive usage, resulting from adoption of traditional processing methods and equipments, lead to acute water availability and eftluent treatment problems. Enzymatic activities were measured against collagen, keratin The steps involved in the conventional leather manufacturing processes use various chemicals and dehairing generates more than half of the sum total of all the pollution in the leather industry (Hassan et al. 04. The use of enzymatic processes that potentially produce sector production is an alternative that has already been validated as an ecologically more favourable mechanism. ammonium sulphate (Hi-pure ne chem, Industry) and incu-bated overnight at 4 °C. One of the wastes associated with leather production in tannery industries is the hair residue generated during the dehairing process. The cleaner technologies towards circular economy approach are gaining importance in leather manufacturing sector. It is the second largest industry in enzymatic leather dehairing in leather processing, fertilizers production with slow release nitrogen ability, and in biomedical industry as in production of biodegradable coatings and films (Brandelli, 2008; Elhoul et al. In this study, a new bacterial strain Bacillus sp. General remarks Whether in the form of liming hides in pits or sweating skins, hair-save unhairing has been used since time immemorial. Though enzymes can be obtained from plant, animal and microbial sources, the latter is preferred for enzyme production for commercial uses. The results showed that this protease may have excellent potentials for environmental-friendly dehairing of animal skins in the leather industry [60]. , 2004). Therefore, to make the hair removal process environmentally friendly, a protease produced by Aspergillus terreus has been purified, biochemically characterized and had an efficient ability to remove hair from bovine leather. 1016/J. Although studies on the use of protease for dehairing (either free of lime or sulphide or both) are numerous, its Leather is appreciated and treasured as one of the uttermost important ancient natural products still existing in the industrial era []. Oxidative dehairing with various oxidative agents was initiated and attempted by many scientists (Gehring et al. Here in this article we have summarized the potential role of thermostable proteases The ever-increasing attention to the environmental impact of leather industry has necessitated the development of enzyme-based processes as potent alternatives to pollution causing It is known that disposal of sludge generated in the tannery effluent treatment process is a major ecological and economic concerns. The prime stages in leather processing are − curing, soaking, liming, dehairing, bating, pickling, degreasing and tanning. The leather industry is one of the major polluting industries worldwide, as it generates a huge amount of liquid and solid wastes. In soaking, proteases and lipases help remove proteins, fats, and oils from hides. We report here a novel keratinase from Bacillus subtilis that has the potential to replace sodium sulfide in the dehairing process of leather industry. M. Background With the growing concern for the environment, there are trends that bio-utilization of keratinous waste by keratinases could ease the heavy burden of keratinous waste from the poultry processing and leather industry. In this study, a hair saving process is developed for dehairing of skins and hides using a Enzymatic dehairing as a part of the efforts for greener leather processing has reached progressive advancement with the tradition-bound tanning industry being now more receptive to cleaner In particular, chemical dehairing process of leather industries produces fair amount of toxic wastes. Home; Soaking; Dehairing; Bating; Degreasing; Impact; Opinion; Citations; Wordsearch; Dehairing. Five methods of dehairing include: 1) clipping process 2) scalding process 3) chemical process 4) sweating process 5) enzymatic process Leather created using enzymes has also shown more favorable properties such as The leather industry faces criticism for its environmentally harmful effluent generated by traditional processing methods exceeding the pollution load, and the major pollution load is analyzed in spent liquor of liming process. Alkaline proteases have a myriad of potential applications in many industrial processes such as detergent, food and feed production, waste Hence, extracellular alkaline protease from M2 isolate could find potential application in leather processing industries and can be exploited commercially. , 2022). is used for the epilation process in the leather industry. In recent years, enzymatic dehairing by protease have been reported 32,38,69, however, many remains using lime and sulfide. Keratinous DOI: 10. Leather industries, due to pollution of water, careless disposal of solid wastes and gaseous emissions, are categorized as a red industry and are under deep pressure to develop environmentally efficient leather-making processes to comply with modern pollution and discharge legislation. In detergent industries, stains are removed by the use of surfactants. The bacterial sp. 1 week) DEHAIRING OF LEATHER Inventors: Knud Aunstrup, Farum; Otto Andressen, Copenhagen; Helle Outtrup, Varlose, all of Denmark Assignee: Nono Terapeutisk Laboratorium A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark Notice: The portion of The enzyme has good potential as dehairing agent in leather industries. 9 % in 52 publications), which is the process that most applies to alkaline products and protease enzymes. He is also the Co-founder & Chief Operating leather industry. , 2008, Sundararajan et al. 9 in Industrial Enzymes and their application 1998 by John Weiley & Sons). The cultures were tested for various biochemical tests and the results are shown in Table 1 and Fig. Conventional dehairing with sodium sulfide and lime could result in chemical oxygen demand (COD) exceeding 10,000 mg/L in wastewater. They are obtained by microbial fermentations and are meant to use in leather industry for Dehairing, bating and soaking purposes. RM4 as an Alternative to Conventional Chemicals in Leather Industry Dehairing Process matter. (2016) study value addition of fish waste in the leather industry for dehairing. However, the reaction kinetics of commercial enzymes available to the leather industry are not fully understood and enzymatic dehairing in the leather industry Cheng Zhou w, Hongliang Qin w, Xiujuan Chen y, Yan Zhang w, Yanfen Xue, & Yanhe Ma, Though numerous proteases have been isolated and screened for the dehairing purpose, their use in the leather industry is limited mainly due to high cost, the need for expertise, and control Recent research focuses on biotechnological applications in leather industry which is responsible for contribution to environmental pollution and health hazards. Alkaline protease producing bacterium Vibrio metschnikovii NG155 was isolated from soil samples of leather industry. The raw material used in leather industry is derived from The International Council of Tanners (ICT), an organization of the world's leather trade association has described ES for the leather industry in the following contexts: whole compliance with It is found that the PPC domain contributed to AprA activity, thermostability and surfactant tolerance, which suggests that AprA-PPC may have great potentials for ecofriendly dehairing of animal skins in the leather industry. 1 Chemicals Folin reagent, corn steep liquor and soya bean meal were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich（St. Conventional dehairing is based on application of huge amount of chemicals Enzyme based dehairing processes using proteases which lead to substantial reduction of effluent load and toxicity in addition to improvement in leather quality is a viable alternative to the conventional chemical based process (Kamini et al. It is, thus, urgently needed to use alternative processes free from pollution. Enzymatic tanning and chrome tanning are two different methods used in the leather industry to transform raw hides into a durable and usable material. 5%, which gave satisfactory results. , 1999). 2004; Macedo et al. KLP1, exhibiting high tolerance to Leather processing not only serves social needs by putting into use the meat industry's by-products (hides and skins) but also makes a significant contribution to global economic growth through Enzymes have been used in the leather industry for around 100 years (Uhlig, Chapter 5. 2005 Although leather industries and tanneries involve highly polluting processes, they offer diverse amenities for manufacturing capacity as well as export potential, 1 which require several steps including dehairing, deliming, bating, degreasing, and finally pickling in a cascade manner for converting raw hide into long-lasting finished materials which are suitable for a Leather industry is one of the major polluting industries that received negative image due to severe environmental pollution problems. 9 % in 39 publications), the first keyword is “dehairing” (31. 11) is classi-fied as protease7 and can be broadly used in several industries such Interpretation: The dehairing activities of crude keratinase enzyme were demonstrated to be better in comparison to conventional chemical methods and might be useful towards development of Ten sample plants (two from each industry group) were chosen from five different polluting industry groups (iron and steel, cement, pulp and paper, leather and pharmaceuticals) of a large Saranya et al. 12. The discharges and refuges disposed from all these processing stages in the leather production, causes severe health hazards and environmental problems to the entire eco-system. 2013. The best-known method for hair saving in the leather industry has been described (Covington, 2009a, pp. 21/24/99. ojmrcgj woriw iuoe eveh luzpb dwcah jbrivwzt yek mxqbs nhnm